Anencephaly When the Neural Tube Fails to Close during...

Between day twenty-five and twenty-seven of pregnancy, normally before a woman even knows she is pregnant, the neural tube that ultimately becomes the brain and spinal cord begins to develop and eventually close. When the neural tube fails to close, the outcome is a neural tube defect called anencephaly. Anencephaly is a congenital birth defect and is characterized by the absence of the prosencephalon (fore-brain), cerebrum, cerebellum, and cranium. Part of the brain-stem is usually present. The head usually stops just above the eyebrows and slopes backwards. Since the head stops so suddenly, many babies appear to have bulging eyes. Some are born with cyclopia, the presence of only one eye centered in the middle of the forehead.†¦show more content†¦Exposure to high levels of mercury or lead may also be a contributing factor, as well as prolonged hyperthermia and obesity. Hispanic women are at a greater risk for having a child born with this type of defect. Once a woman has had an anencephalic child, she has a 1 in 10 chance of having another baby with this birth defect. In 2006, data was collected on 303 babies who were diagnosed with anencephaly and were not terminated. Of those 303 babies, about 40% were born prematurely (before 37 weeks) and 4% beyond 42 weeks. Two-thirds of the mothers were either induced or had a planned cesarean section for those born at term. Polyhydramnios was present in 30% of the cases which accounted for 60% of those born prematurely. When delivered by cesarean section, 4% died during birth, 53% died within twenty-four hours, 30% lived up to five days, and 13% lived longer than six days. For vaginal births, 37% of babies died during birth when a doctor or midwife ruptured the amniotic bag, opposed to 18% if the amniotic bag ruptured naturally. According to statistics, if the anencephalic child is delivered via cesarean section at full term, there is a better chance of that child being born alive, if only for a little while. Once the exposed brain comes into contact with the air, there is a great risk of infection. Most babies with this condition die from cardiorespiratoryShow MoreRelatedThe Effect of Neural Tube Defects on Healthcare1216 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to the Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica (2014), a neural tube defect is â€Å"any congenital defect of the brain and spinal cord as a result of abnormal development of the neural tube.† This birth defect is â€Å"the most common congenital defect of the central nervous system, affecting the brain and/or spinal cord of 300,000 newborns worldwide each year† (Ricks et al., 2012, p. 391). The exact cause of these central nervous system defects is unknown, but there are many contributing factors that are evidencedRead MoreDetecting Fetal Abnormalities Through Ultrasound2205 Words   |  9 Pagesbirth defects can be detected during pregnancy by an ultrasound. Some of these abnormalities include abdominal wall defect, orofacial cleft , anencephaly, and down syndrome. Although at this time ultrasound is the safest way to observe a fetus, risks are still associated with it. Ultrasound An ultrasound is a test that sends sound waves into the woman’s abdomen or vagina in order to create an image to observe how the fetus is developing within the womb (â€Å"Pregnancy Ultrasound,† n.d.). Some ofRead MorePregnancy And Its Effects On Pregnancy Essay3534 Words   |  15 PagesPregnancy begins with a fetus developing inside a women’s uterus, and ends with the birth of a baby. Pregnancy involves a variety of clinical laboratory tests that can provide important information from the beginning of pregnancy through the first days of the newborn’s life. A variety of laboratory tests are performed throughout pregnancy at different specified times. Ninety five percent of pregnancies result in a safe delivery of a healthy baby, but there are complications that can arise unexpectedlyRead MoreSci 241 Week 524609 Words   |  99 Pagesdifferent functions in the body To date, 13 substances have been identiï ¬ ed as vitamins essential in the diet (Table 8.1). They were named alphabetically in approximately the order in which they were identiï ¬ ed: A, B, C, D, and E. The B vitamins were ï ¬ rst thought to be one chemical substance but were later found to be many different substances, so the alphabetical name was broken down by numbers. Vitamins B6 and B12 are the only ones that are still commonly referred to by their numbers. Thiamin, riboï ¬â€šavin

The Neural Basis Of Free Will Criterial Causation Essay

As seen in the previous paragraph, Eddy Nahmias’s argument that scientists do not understand the human mind yet is wrong, and creates a hole in his argument. Also mentioned above, scientists say that the human minds simply take in sensual inputs, and make a decision off of these inputs. This argument is acknowledged through the impossibility of self-causation argument which Peter Ulric defines through his book, â€Å"The Neural Basis of Free Will: Criterial Causation†, where he explains the impossibility of self-causation argument down to a neurological level. He says that the definition of impossibility of self-causation comes down to mental events and neurological causal chains occurring in the mind, and the inability of these causal chains to be stopped because of the rules of causation. This means that once a mental event is set in motion, it cannot be altered. Thus, scientists often use this argument to declare that people do not have free will because once a menta l event sets a physical neurological event in motion, the resulting neurological causal chain of events cannot be stopped, but this is precisely where the solution arises. After outlining the impossibility of self-causation argument, Ulric points out that there is nothing that prevents neurons from changing their firing criteria for future events, and offers the following sequence of events as an example. First, new mental and physical requirements are set for a specific neuron. Then, new inputs are received in

Childcare and Education Unit 4 Free Essays

string(80) " devised pieces of equipment that encourage children to develop certain skills\." child Unit 4 – Assignment| Michelle Pieh| | Children Play| | Rebecca Myring| 11/16/2009| | Introduction Play is the main way in which children learn and therefore play affects all aspects of a child’s development. Valuing children’s play: Props should be encouraged. Allow the use of their own experience. We will write a custom essay sample on Childcare and Education Unit 4 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Own interests. Playing on their own should be encouraged. Work in a way that suits them. Adult encouragement to be engagement. Play as a way of communication. Recreate familiar themes. Transport resources to where they wish. Learn best when they are enjoying themselves. Allow for time and space. Facts about play: Through play children learn about their world. Play is considered to be a primary need of children. The stages of play change as a child grows older. The characteristics of play change as different stages of development are reached. All children go through the stages of play as they grow develop. Children develop at different rates therefore some children may take longer to go through a particular stage. D1/D7) Setting 1 – Zoo adventure play area Setting 2 – Park Setting 3 – Beach Setting 1 – A zoo adventure play area is an enclosed area containing play equipment. D7) It has wheel chair, pushchair/pram access. It has a variety of facilities ranging from a cafe with outdoor seating area for adults to sit and watch their children play to toilet facilities for all. In the play area there is specialised staff for children that have disabilities so they can help them join in with any games that are going on. The play area where the children can play has a safe outside area where children can play without parents worrying about the children getting hurt. The area is animal themed and the toys outside are animal shaped and patterned such as a swing in the shape of a lions mane and is yellow and orange to show it is a lions mane. A slide is in the shape of a zebra’s tongue the top of the steps is the head and the handles are the mouth opened wide and the slide is the tongue. Setting 2 – A park is an enclosed area where children can play without parents having to worry about their child going out of the park onto a street near a main road. There may be different parts in the park that are specially designed for each age range. For example: Babies/small children there may be a soft play area, bucket swings that a child can be harnessed into, small low sit on toys and a small slide. Aged 6 -10 children there may be a bigger slide, seesaw, roundabout, swings, small trampolines, climbing frames and tyre swings. Teenagers there may be basketball courts, tennis courts, football nets, running track, climbing wall/ abseiling wall, golf course, wire swings, zip wire, a weather pitch for all sports and a big trampoline that has a net around it to keep them safe whilst jumping. Setting 3 – The beach is a large area containing sand and water. The children like making sand castles. They also like feeling the different textures e. g. Water and sand mixed together. The children also have a chance to have a donkey ride. D7) There are also ramps for access for wheel chairs, push chairs/ prams. On the beach there needs to be parental supervision. D2) Age range for zoo – between 18-24 months to 16years Stage of play for the zoo is spectator aged between 18 months – 24months to 4 years and co – operative play for aged 4+ children. Age range for park – 2 years to 16 years Stage of play for the park is spectator 24 months to 4 years and co –operative for aged 4+ children. Age range for beach – 2 years to 16years Stage of play is spectator 24 months to 4 years and co –operative for aged 4+ children. Co – operative play is where children play together with shared goals. Play can be quite complicated and children are supportive. D3) The type of play that goes on is: Zoo – physical play Park – pretend play Beach – discovery play Zoo – At the zoo children would be involved in physical play. They would do this by finding different equipment to play on. Using all the different equipment they would exercising which would form their muscles, stamina, balance and Co-ordination. (Tassoni P, Hucker K, 2005, Pg 163) Park – At the park they would find different equipment to play on. They would pretend to act out things and pretend that they are other people. This will enable children to use their imagination and develop their own imaginative ideas. (Walker M, Beaver, M Brewster, J Neaum, S and Tallack, J 2008 Page 195) Beach – They would discover sand and water. They would also discover mixing sand and water. They may find shells, crabs, star fish and jelly fish. D4) Zoo is physical play – An example of a zoo play area would be playing on the monkey bars which would be developing their gross motor skills. This will develop whole body and limb movements, co-ordination and balance. Walker M, Beaver, M Brewster, J Neaum, S and Tallack, J 2008 page 194) Park is pretend play – An example of pretend play at a local park would be a child playing on a climbing frame that has a wheel on it and they are pretending it is a ship/boat, aeroplane/helicopter. Beach is discovery play – An example of a beach would be discovering different shells, sea life, boats, and textures of sand by building sand castles. Mixing sand and water together to make sand pies. Developing knowledge and understanding of the world. D5) Beach discovery play and Maria Montessori theory. The main points of Maria Montessori’s theory are: Children pass through particular development stages. This is the essential for the child to be able to learn. * Montessori developed a structured education programmed based on these stages, including a number of specially devised pieces of equipment that encourage children to develop certain skills. You read "Childcare and Education Unit 4" in category "Papers" * Limited emphasis is placed on counting, reading and writing these will follow once the basic social and emotional development has taken place. * A Childs natural will to learn should be encouraged to foster a lifelong motivation for learning. * Children should be encouraged to work alone. Montessori felt the best learning occurred when children were focused, silent and completely absorbed in a task. * Montessori did not believe in free play and did not encourage children to develop their own ideas –play needed to have a learning focus. (Garhart M C, 2000, Pg 21-37) Maria Montessori believed that children learn by doing practical activities and by playing outdoors. D6) Setting 1 – zoo adventure play area * In the adventure play area with children aged 18-24 months to 16 years, an obstacle course could be arranged to include either a route over a high climbing frame or a lower route through it. The risks would be bumping into others, slipping and falling. I have chosen this activity as it will allow children to understand risks e. g. heights, bumping of the body parts. The challenge would be learning their limitations. Setting 2 – park In the park with children aged 2 years to 16 years, a park play area could be set up in the shape of a trim trail to include a variety of apparatus that provide challenges. The risks would be bumping into others, slipping and falling. The risks that the children will learn to understand are bumping into other children, slipping on play equipment and falling off of play equipment. The challenge that they might have to overcome is to see how high they can swing on a swing whilst feeling comfortable. Setting 3 – beach On the beach with children aged 2 years to 16 years, provide activities e. g. digging and making sand castles which challenges them to be sensible when handling the sand. The risk would be getting sand in their/other people’s eyes, risk of drowning in the sea, risk of being bitten by crabs and getting stung by jelly fish. The risks could be getting sand in their eyes, getting bitten by animals and drowning in the water. The challenge they will have to vercome is learning about what can happen if they touch certain animals. C1/D7) Setting 1 – zoo adventure playground Challenge and risk activity chosen in (D6) was obstacle course. Resources that would be used: * Climbing frame with monkey bars, lower and higher side. * Tunnels. * Under and over bars. Health and safety equipment: * Safe area. * Helmet. * Knee pads and elbow pads. * Safety mats, non slip floor. * Supervision. * Appropriate footwear, clothing. These resources have been chosen because: For children’s own welfare and safety. They allow children to achieve the learning outcomes that have been planned for. They meet individual children’s needs- D7. Provides different levels of play for age range and ability. Setting 2 – park Challenge and risk activity chosen in (D6) was trim trail. Resources that would be used: * Apparatus e. g. swings, balance walking logs, climbing nets, tyres, swinging logs. Health and safety equipment: * Safe area. * Knee pads, elbow pads. * Helmet. * Supervision. * Appropriate footwear and clothes These resources have been chosen because: For children’s own welfare and safety. They are appropriate to age range and stage of development of the children. They meet individual children’s needs – D7. Setting 3 – Beach Challenge and risk chosen in (D6) was digging sandcastles. Resources that would be used: * Spade. * Bucket. Health and safety: * Clean area. * Safe area. * Goggles. * Supervision from parent’s/carers. These resources have been chosen because: Encourages exploration. Encourages open minded play. They meet individual needs – D7. B1) Giving children activities that challenge them and make them understand risks by: Build’s up resilience as they become more aware of challenges that they will experience in the future and it will help them to become more comfortable, confident when faced with the kind of challenge. Bruce D. Perry M. D. Ph. D Professor of Child Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences). Develops an awareness of potential hazards. Younger children’s awareness of hazards is further raised through staff’s gentle reminders, for example, prior to activities, such as cooking. Children benefit from ind ividual towels and soap dispensers, which reduce the risk of cross? infection. To, ensure that the risk of potential hazards is minimised. Children also develop confidence and self-esteem because staffs build positive, trusting relationships with them. (Ofsted Creche report) Prevents boredom. As young children don’t understand time the way grown-ups do but boredom is not always a bad thing, it can also get children thinking creatively and can pay to take a more active role in preventing boredom. (Sanders, M. R. ; Christenson, A. P. (1985). Pg’s 13, 101-117). Builds confidence. As they do the activities again again they will have confidence in doing the activity as they will know how to do it. Potential learning opportunity such as they learn that you have to follow instructions to get to the end product. Provides mental stimulation. E. g. helps children to function for longer. Maria Montessori developed a method for young children, which was rooted in the senses and involves manipulating everyday objects and following highly structured activities that engage children but rarely allow them to fail. Develops essential life skills. E. g. money, telling the time, addition/subtraction and measurements etc. Activities that provide children with a challenge and risks: Climbing frame – know their own limitations but not put off but to overcome it and be determine. Hopefully next time they won’t climb as high and only go half way so they learn from previous times. B2) Adult led sessions are often used to introduce children to exploration and investigation through play. This helps them to develop their own play agenda and ideas. Children appreciate adults who help to keep their play flowing as long as they don’t take over. How they would do this? Exploration: Involve them in activities. E. g. Building Sandcastles, Finding sea shells and stones. Encourage them to learn about new things. For example colours, numbers and letters. Plan activities that relate to children’s experiences. E. g. Places were on holiday. Encourage activities that encourage exploration. E. g. Making ice or jelly. Offer a variety of activities. E. g. collage making, beading or outdoor play. How they would do this for investigation: Provide equipment. E. g. Bucket and spade or binoculars and magnifying glass. Provide plenty of time. To allow children to finish the activity so they get the whole potential. Present activities that allow solving problems e. g. floating and sinking. Allow the children to work together. So they can work as a team member and listen to other children’s ideas and try to solve things together. Introduce new subjects and topics. To help develop further knowledge. A1) Name of theorist wrote about in D5 was Maria Montessori. Maria’s main ideas and theories are: Children pass through particular developmental stages. This is essential for the child to be able to learn. Montessori developed a structured education programme based on these stages including a number of specially developed pieces of equipment that encourage children to develop certain skills. Limited emphasis is placed on counting reading and writing. Children should be encouraged to work alone. To encourage confidence in what they think. Montessori did not believe in free play and did not encourage children to develop their own ideas. Influences on today’s practice: There are many Montessori schools throughout Europe usually privately run. The method promotes a carefully planned environment that neither allows children total freedom nor imposes activities on them. Some nurseries follow the plan completely and purchase Montessori equipment and use her theories with a flexible programme. (Garhart M C, (2000) Page 21-37) What difference (if any) might there be if the adult was aware of this theory? If the adult was aware of the theory the adult would be aware of discovery play and be able to plan activities in more depth. They will also be aware of the benefits of discovery play. How do you think the theory will affect an adults understanding of children’s play? They might think that something that the child is playing is not discovery. So this might not give the children as many opportunities. A*) The role of the adult in providing activities and supporting children’s play is to provide relevant resources to enable children to do specific activities e. g. ard making needs – card, glue, sticking things/materials. An adult also sets out a play area for the children to play in. Adults make suggestions to widen the children’s knowledge and to support them when playing. Adults should also ask the children questions to develop their understanding. The adult considers the children’s needs e. g. provide activities for different levels of needs â€⠀œ (D7). I had no idea that there was so much to play. I had no idea that there was a lot of planning towards play and how play was actually structured rather than just giving a child a toy and telling them to play. I am now more confident in advising children when they are playing. I am now in a better position as I would be able to extend opportunities by asking the child questions. I have learned all the different stages and types of play. The types of play are:| The stages of play are| Creative play. | Solitary aged 0-2 years. | Pretend play. | Spectator aged 2-2 and a half years. | Physical play. | Parallel aged 2 and a half – 3 years. | Manipulation play. | Associative – 3 – 4 years. | Discovery play. | Co – operative aged 4+ years. | Bibliography websites used www. teachingexpertise. com http://nationalstrategies. standards. dcsf. gov. uk www. ofsted. gov. uk Www. raisingchildren. net. au Bibliography books used Tassoni P, Hucker K (2005) Planning Play and the Early Years 2nd Edition. Oxford – Heinemann (Page 163) Walker, M Beaver, M Brewster, J Neaum, S and Tallack, J (2008) Child care and Education CACHE Level 2 Cheltenham; Nelson Thornes LTD (Page 195) Garhart M C, (2000) Theories of childhood—an introduction to Dewey, Montessori, Erickson, Piaget and Vygestsky. Redleaf Press – Yorkton (Page 21-37) Sanders, M. R. ; Christenson, A. P. (1985). A comparison of the effects of child management and planned activities training across five parenting environments. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, Pages 13, 101-117. Professional People Bruce D. Perry, M. D. , Ph. D. , is the Thomas S. Trammell Research Professor of Child Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine; and Chief of Psychiatry, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas. How to cite Childcare and Education Unit 4, Papers

Introductory Sociology Social Class

Question: Discuss about the Introductory Sociology for Social Class? Answer: The society has been divided into several classes according to the occupation, economic status, standard of thinking and education of the people from the very beginning. In this essay the social class system, the factors of this classification, its impact on different social aspects and health condition of the people belonging to each class has been discussed. Social classes refer to a set of concepts in the political theories and social sciences in which people can be categorized into several hierarchical social groups. When a group of people occupy a similar position in the society in terms of status, wealth and influence, they fall under the same social class. According to the Marxist theory a class is a combination of subjective and objective similarities among a group of people that is they have a common perception, relationship and a common interest (Pintelon et al., 2013). The social class is categorized based on some factors and they are: Income, power, health and nutrition, wealth, education, occupation, ethnicity and race. These dimensions of social class are inter-related and play important role in understanding the society (Weis Dolby, 2012). Income is the earning of a person from investments or work and all the assets owned by an individual, such as cash, saving accounts, stocks, real estate etc. are referred as wealth. Income is dependent on the occupation, and depending on the income and wealth the style of living, health, nutrition, education etc (Kraus et al., 2011). differs between the social classes. With respect to these factors the society is mainly divided into four categories (Figure 1) that are: The upper class The middle class The working class The lower class The upper class: This class is again divided into two groups, one is upper-upper class and another is lower-upper class. The lower-upper class Re those upper class people who make money from business venture, investment etc. and the upper-upper class implies to those aristocrat high class groups of people who have maintained a status for generations and are wealthy by birth (Shaeff, 2005). Some another important examples of lower middle class people are Professional actors athletes and successful entrepreneurs. However both of these groups have a huge amount of money that is a lot more than they could spend and that is why they have much leisure time to cultivate their interests and hobbies. This particular class of people lives a luxurious life and nourishes their culture. They hold an influence and power both nationally and universally (Pintelon et al., 2013). The middle class: The middle class is the next step down in the social class system and is also called sandwich class. They are again divided into two sub classes based on their education, prestige and wealth (Grossmann Varnum, 2010). Lower middle class people are comparatively less educated with an income equal to the national average, such as small business owners, managers, secretaries etc. and the upper middle class includes the highly educated professional and business people with a slightly higher income than the national average, such as lawyers, CEOs, and doctors. The largest amount of upward, downward or horizontal social mobility occurs at this level (Weis Dolby, 2012). The working class: The people who belong to this class have a little education. They are commonly engaged as manual labor with a little or no social status and have an income slightly lesser than the average national pay scale. This group includes people like plumber, carpenter, electricians, cashiers, factory workers (Bilton, 2012). They do not have much scope of the development of their career. Another difference of working class and middle class is in their behavior, values, living standard, lifestyle, culture and sometimes this people have to put themselves into risk while working. Most of the people of any society belong to this class (Wilkinson Pickett, 2010). The Lower class: The lower class is the working poor category having a minimum or no educational qualification. They generally work at a minimum wage and are very often employed as part time workers. This group of people often suffers from poverty, unemployment, homelessness, lack of health, nutrition and hygiene. Lower class people maintain a minimum level of social or cultural status (Shah, 2010). Figure 1: Social Class (Source: Stephen et al., 2012) Class is an important factor in understanding of any society and analyzing various factors related to it. By analyzing the social class and the people belonging in each of the classes, the socio-economic condition of the society can be understood (Stephens et al., 2014). The social classes reflect many sociological contexts such as economy, political system, style of leaving, health, education, etc (Naidoo Wills, 2008). there are several theoretical models related to the social classes proposed by sociologists and philosopher, which gives a clear idea of social classification helps to understand and demonstrate the society and the societal factors (Pintelon et al., 2013). According to Marx, the war between the classes that control the production and those who produce the products or serves the society that is the conflict between the capitalists and the wage-workers is the history of all the civilized societies. He claims that, the capitalists accumulate the wealth to such a point that they acquire enough power to dominate the other classes of society. He blames the lower class people for such discrimination as the lower class people are in a mass amount, they can easily overthrow the capitalists and bring equality to the society (Kraus et al., 2011). Another theory is formulated by Max Weber and it states that, the education and skills of a person determines his or her class or position in the society. He noted that many aristocrat families lacked economically but had enough political power however some wealthy families were deficient in power and prestige (Giddens, 2013). Observing all these factors he stated his new theory where there were three factors. The three key factors of the Weberian theory are; the economic position in society that is class, self esteem and social honor that is status and the capability to get their way in spite of others resistance that is power (Wilkinson Pickett, 2010). The social class of a person has significant effect on his or her physical health, ability of affording the medical facilities and nutrition. It has been noticed that the lower class people often experience several of issues related to health. The primary factor that leads them to this problem is their economic status (Davey, Gray Seale, 2001). Very often they are unable to utilize the healthcare facilities that the other classes can afford easily, however generally the people of this class tend to have an increased rate of health related problems. The poor class often suffers from malnutrition and due to a lack of place for living they have to survive in a congested and unhygienic environment (Stephens et al., 2012). For the above mentioned reasons the lower class families face a higher rate of infant mortality, cardiovascular problems, infections, cancer etc. Additionally, sometimes this class of people have to work in a much more hazardous condition and yet they are provided with very less or no health insurance (Shah, 2010). The working class and a few middle class people can afford the primary healthcare facilities and have a much better health conditions compared to the poor class people. However, in the case of some critical diseases or surgical cases such as cancer, renal failure, brain surgery, heart surgery they face much difficulty to afford the services (Davey, Gray Seale, 2001). They generally do not suffer from any problem related to health and hygiene and a number of health insurance are available to them. The healthcare services are quite easily available for the people of the middle class. And the upper class can very easily afford any healthcare services. And in their luxurious daily life they have the chance to spend money and time to take care of their health (Leinonen et al., 2011). From this essay it can be concluded that the social class system has a profound impact on the history of the society as well as on the modern society. The different aspects of the society such as education, health, family-life, political participation religious and spiritual affiliation vary with the persons belonging with each hierarchy of social class system. The social class varies with the different regions of a country, that is, the upper class people of a society may be considered upper middle class in another society depending on the overall standard of that particular society. The overall standard and condition of a society is greatly influenced by its social class. References: Bilton, T. (2012).Introductory Sociology(4th ed.). Davey, B., Gray, A., Seale, C. (2001).Health and disease. Buckingham, England: Open University Press. Giddens, A. (2013).Sociology(6th ed.). Naidoo, Wills,. (2008).Health Studies: an introduction (Sociology Health chapter). Shaeff, M. (2005).Sociology Healthcare: an introduction for nurses. Grossmann, I., Varnum, M. E. (2010). Social class, culture, and cognition.Social Psychological and Personality Science. Kraus, M. W., Horberg, E. J., Goetz, J. L., Keltner, D. (2011). Social class rank, threat vigilance, and hostile reactivity.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 0146167211410987. Leinonen, T., Pietilinen, O., Laaksonen, M., Rahkonen, O., Lahelma, E., Martikainen, P. (2011). Occupational social class and disability retirement among municipal employeesthe contribution of health behaviors and working conditions.Scandinavian journal of work, environment health, 464-472. Pintelon, O., Cantillon, B., Van den Bosch, K., Whelan, C. T. (2013). The social stratification of social risks: The relevance of class for social investment strategies.Journal of European social policy,23(1), 52-67. Shah, A. (2010). Poverty facts and stats.Global Issues,20. Stephens, N. M., Hamedani, M. G., Destin, M. (2014). Closing the social-class achievement gap a difference-education intervention improves first-generation students academic performance and all students college transition.Psychological science,25(4), 943-953. Stephens, N. M., Markus, H. R., Fryberg, S. A. (2012). Social class disparities in health and education: Reducing inequality by applying a sociocultural self model of behavior.Psychological review,119(4), 723. Weis, L., Dolby, N. (Eds.). (2012).Social class and education: Global perspectives. Routledge. Wilkinson, R., Pickett, K. (2010). The spirit level.Why equality is better for.

Clockwork Orange Essays - A Clockwork Orange, Self-censorship

Clockwork Orange This novel is short?only being about 180 pages?but looks may deceive you, or in other words don't judge a book buy its cover or its thickness. A Clockwork Orange is actually 360 pages because you have to read between the lines. You may think that the story's theme is that the future will be filled with horrible decadent violence (that is what I first thought), but if you read between the lines you will understand that this book is written for one main purpose, a purpose other than entertainment. A Clockwork Orange was written in 1962, story about the future which was meant to be around 1995 to 2000 (a car used in the story called a 95' Durango). A boy about seventeen, Alex the narrator and main character living in London, rampages about with his "droogs" (friends) raping, stealing, beating and even killing people. Alex one day is caught for murder and jailed but two years later he is luckily freed twelve years before his sentence ends to take advantage of a new treatment for violent people like him that he volunteered for. He goes through the therapy and succeeds and returns back to civilization. He now becomes sick when he is about to commit a violent or sexual, but also when the Ninth Symphony by Beethoven plays (a minor defect from the treatment). Alex is driven to attempt suicide from this defect because he is locked within a chamber playing this song and does not accomplish his task. He is hospitalized and returns to his "ultra-violent" self while the inhumane treatment does not work because it does not even give people a choice about being violent. While Alex helps to present the theme, two different outcomes are formed. First, Alex goes through a great change from being"ultra- violent" to becoming Lamb-chop and then back to being"ultra-violent". Second, the theme defines the major conflict of the story. Although the conflict does not have to do with Alex directly, he helps to illustrate it. The conflict is not solved in the book and will probably never be solved, but it does bring up for debate what Anthony Burgess thinks about right or wrong, regarding the controversial situation of a cycle of violence. "Violence makes Violence," is what was once said to Alex by P. R. Deltoid, his teacher from school before he went to prison. This book brings up . What do we do to someone who has committed a violent crime? Do we punish them with more violence, for instance death, or do we help them? This is the problem that has arisen in this story and also in our daily lives with the death penalty. Anthony Burgess thinks that the solution to violence should not be violence, but he does not give any alternatives. In A Clockwork Orange a new treatment for disturbingly violent criminals is developed by scientists working for the English government and the government tests it on some convicted violent prisoners. The treatment guaranteed that the patient would turn good and be let out into the free world again. Alex was one of the lucky (because of reduced sentence) people chosen. The treatment includes long days of watching violent movie clips while a patient is hooked up to a lot of hardware. The treatment works because now when a ex-criminal sees or are about to commit cruel violent or criminal or sexual acts you become sick and cannot perform the task. This procedure was thought of to end violence without causing violence, because every action causes a reaction. For example, when Alex was free to return to his life, his "droogs" betray him and beat him up severely in payback for his cruel ruling as leader of the team of friends. This might cause Alex to come back and hurt them again, which he considers. This causes a chain of violence that may take years to end. When Alex is about to go to Dr. Brodsky (the man who will cure him), the governor speaks to Alex. He told him about how these new radical ideas and methods of treatment have been formed (from "ultra-violent" to a lamb), and he does not approve of them. "If someone hits you, you hit back, do you not," the governor said to Alex. The governor means that for each action there will be a solution of even more violence. The preceding brings up the question of turning the bad into the good or the "state should hit back" also like the

Free Essays on Jackson Rea

The time between 1820 and 1830 was known as the Jacksonian Era. Jackson would have won the election in 1824, as he did have more votes, but Adams won due to a â€Å"corrupt bargain†. When Jackson was finally elected in 1828, he and his supporters claimed to represent the common man. Jackson served during a time when the North and South were bound to be engaged in internecine conflict. During the first half of the 19th century industrialism was growing rapidly with inventions such as the cotton gin, and the steamboat. Despite this prosperity, a split was becoming more apparent between the urban industrializing North, and the agricultural-dependent, rural South. During his terms, Jackson emphasized democracy, and increased suffrage tremendously. The Jacksonian Democrats accurately perceived themselves as the guardians of the Constitution, political democracy, individual liberty, and equal economic opportunity. The Jacksonian Era introduced new policies toward American participation in government. When Jackson was elected into office, he set a strong foundation for democratic rule. Before Jackson’s term, relatively few Americans were permitted to vote. The right to vote was restrained to white property-owning males and taxpayers. Andrew Jackson immensely increased suffrage by eliminating the restrictions, and permitting every white male to vote. Jackson and his followers also represented the common workingman, who initially believed it is this new democratic government’s right to â€Å"use every constitutional means to reform the abuses†¦and to prove new guards for their future security†. (Doc A) Even to a foreigner, the spread of democracy was evident. Harriet Martineau had witnessed controversies between officials on which the people were judging. (Doc D) The Jacksonian Era definitely marked an opening for American participation in government.... Free Essays on Jackson Rea Free Essays on Jackson Rea The time between 1820 and 1830 was known as the Jacksonian Era. Jackson would have won the election in 1824, as he did have more votes, but Adams won due to a â€Å"corrupt bargain†. When Jackson was finally elected in 1828, he and his supporters claimed to represent the common man. Jackson served during a time when the North and South were bound to be engaged in internecine conflict. During the first half of the 19th century industrialism was growing rapidly with inventions such as the cotton gin, and the steamboat. Despite this prosperity, a split was becoming more apparent between the urban industrializing North, and the agricultural-dependent, rural South. During his terms, Jackson emphasized democracy, and increased suffrage tremendously. The Jacksonian Democrats accurately perceived themselves as the guardians of the Constitution, political democracy, individual liberty, and equal economic opportunity. The Jacksonian Era introduced new policies toward American participation in government. When Jackson was elected into office, he set a strong foundation for democratic rule. Before Jackson’s term, relatively few Americans were permitted to vote. The right to vote was restrained to white property-owning males and taxpayers. Andrew Jackson immensely increased suffrage by eliminating the restrictions, and permitting every white male to vote. Jackson and his followers also represented the common workingman, who initially believed it is this new democratic government’s right to â€Å"use every constitutional means to reform the abuses†¦and to prove new guards for their future security†. (Doc A) Even to a foreigner, the spread of democracy was evident. Harriet Martineau had witnessed controversies between officials on which the people were judging. (Doc D) The Jacksonian Era definitely marked an opening for American participation in government....

The Case of Child pornographer at Cambridge University Essay

The Case of Child pornographer at Cambridge University - Essay Example A trustworthy and recognized institution like the Cambridge University cannot send a wrong message to the international community by such irresponsible actions. Instead, the university should adopt measures which will send a significant message to the wrongdoers in child abuse. I totally agree with Kim Magi’s argument that Cambridge is disrespecting all families that have suffered due to child abuse. It is also important to note that police discovered over 1,500 images of child pornography at his Cambridge University-owned home and the Vice Chancellor seems to suggest that child pornography made at the University-owned home can be overlooked as a silly crime. The total credibility of the institution is brought into question by the Vice Chancellor’s decision and I strongly disagree with this attempt. A profound analysis of the case of child pornographer at Cambridge University confirms that University Vice Chancellor’s decision to allow Dr. Nicholas Hammond to ret urn to his job raises an important question of human morality as well as the credibility of an internationally recognized institution. Child molesters like Hammond are mass murderers and criminals against humanity. It is also important to recognize that a university professor is someone trustworthy and respectable. Nicholas Hammond is a person who has done crime against children as well as his profession. In short, Vice Chancellor’s decision to allow Dr. Nicholas Hammond to return to his job is highly condemnable and must be protested.

Nat Turner's Trial Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nat Turner's Trial - Case Study Example Second, Nat Turner also answered did not feel so during the same arraignment date when he was read another charge for insurrection. Third, African Americans were considered the personal property of their purchasers and thus were curtailed of this basic rights as a free man or woman. Fourth, Nat Turner for knew that the only way to atone for his encouraging fellow African Americans to kill innocent men, women and children in their sleep was to accept the verdict of the court which would be hanging. Fifth, Nat Turner felt that he was given a fair trial under the white -favoring laws during the 1830s. First, Nat Turner answered that he did not feel so when asked whether he was not guilty of the case masterminding the murder of innocent white men, women, children including infants. He was arraigned in August 22, 1831. Some of the fifty five people murdered were Joseph Travers, his wife and their three children, Mrs. Elizabeth Turner, Hartwell Prebles, Sarah Newsome, Mrs. P Reese and her son William, Trajan Doyle and others. Some of Nat Turner's fellow African American co-conspirators that were also found guilty and sentenced by the same August 1831 court were Daniel who was owned by Richard Porter, Moses who was the property of J.T. Barrow, Nathan who was owned by Benj. Blunt's estate, Davy who was owned by Elizabeth Turner, Curtis and Stephen who were owned by Thomas Ridley and others. For, Nat Turner felt that his group overstepped their instructions from him by killing innocent women and children. Rightfully, Nat Turner answered that he did not feel so when asked whether he was not guilty of the case masterminding the murder of innocent white men, women, children including infants(Greenberg, 1996; p. 25-50). Second, Nat Turner also answered did not feel so during the same arraignment date when he was read another charge for insurrection. It was against the law to rise up and disobey their masters. Similarly, people today have to follow the laws of the land or else they will meted the corresponding penalties, fines, prison terms or even death. For, Nat Turner felt that rising against their White American owners was his mission on earth. Nat Turner felt that he was destined to curve a name for himself in American history by being the leader who tried to free the African Americans from the tyranny and hard life of the White Americans during his younger days. Clearly, Nat Turner also answered did not f eel so during the same arraignment date when he was read another charge for insurrection(Campbell, 1970, p. 20-35).Third, African Americans were considered the personal property of their purchasers and thus were curtailed of their basic rights as a free man or woman. The slaves did not have a ny freedom because they were forcibly kidnapped from Africa and sold as personal property to the white Americans. Today, the African Americans are free because the Northerners of Union forces defeated the Southerners or Confederate forces. Come to think of it, Michael Jordan, Michael Jackson and the boxer Muhammad Ali would still be slaves today had the Southerners run over the Northern forces. Ironically, the

Descriptive Statistics (SLP) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Descriptive Statistics (SLP) - Essay Example (2012) Pilot Study of Internet-Based Early Intervention for Combat-Related Mental Distress, and relate them to the writer’s study. From the research, the writer noted that the researchers used statistical diversion and measures of central tendency explain their findings. Measurements of central tendency are statistical measures that categorize single values as descriptive of an entire allotment (Gravetter FJ, Wallnau, 2000). They submit to the hypothesis that there is one figure that best sums up the complete collection of measurement. The main function of central tendency is to provide accurate descriptions of sets of data and is mainly displayed as median, mean or mode. According to Sundaram et al. (2010), a large amount of people use mean because of its mathematical qualities, and is paramount for data distributed across ranges. A summary conducted to guide this study reveal that in their research, Van Voorhees and his colleagues used mean of 2 to explain participant’s completion of internet-based lessons. This means that the numerical digit 2 represented the number of lessons attended by each member of the sampled data. The mean is a representative of the average number representing a whole sample. It is the computation of all measurement s, divided by the number it represents. Similarly, I can use measurements of central tendencies to test my hypothesis by calculating the mean of participants who would likely to seek medical healthcare. Statistical dispersion observes fundamental variations in a continuing phenomenon. This method differentiates between inter-individual variables and operates in tests taken under different conditions and times, or whose subjects display diverse characteristics (Dawson &Trapp, 2004). Dispersion mostly refers to the notion that another number explains the extensiveness of all measurements from the central number. Statistical dispersion is present in nominal or

Idiopathic parkinsons disease

Idiopathic parkinsons disease Introduction: Idiopathic Parkinsons disease (IPD) is a movement disorder associated with loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the development of Lewy bodies. A reduction in normal striatal dopamine levels of 80% or more results in the cardinal symptoms of IPD, namely bradykinesia, rigidity, rest tremors and postural instability (1). Although the motor symptoms of Parkinsons disease are well defined, the non-motor features of this disorder are under-recognized and, consequently, undertreated. Non-motor symptoms and their management have been recognised by the UK National Institute for Clinical Excellence as an important unmet need in IPD (2). Results from a recent international survey show that up to 62% of non-motor symptoms of IPD, such as apathy, pain, sexual difficulties, bowel, urinary incontinence, and sleep disorders might remain undeclared to health-care professionals because patients are either embarrassed or unaware that the symptoms are linked to IPD (3). Results from early studies suggested that urinary dysfunction (UD) affects between 37% and 70% of individuals with IPD (4). However, many of these studies may have overestimated the prevalence of UD since they were published prior to the recognition of multiple system atrophy (MSA) as a separate disease entity. In addition, many studies recruited patients with symptomatic bladder dysfunction from tertiary referral centers. The use of non-validated questionnaires and the inclusion of patients with other forms of Parkinsonism such as cerebrovascular Parkinsonism may have led to further bias (5). More recent studies, using accepted diagnostic criteria for IPD, have found the prevalence of UD to be between 27% and 39%. When compared to a control group the relative risk of bladder symptoms in IPD is 2-fold (6). The aim of this work is to evaluate the urinary symptoms at different stages of IPD severity and its relation to urodynamic tests. Patients and methods: This study was conducted on 57 patients with probable IPD attending Urology and Neurology departments, Tanta University Hospital for evaluations of the lower urinary tract symptoms. ALL patients were subjected to, history taking including International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), physical examination and neurological examinations. IPD patients were stratified into 5 stages according to Hoehn Yahr disability stages (7). The IPSS questionnaire was administrated to each patient by one of us to help the patient understand the questionnaire. All men underwent digital rectal examinations and pelvic ultrasonography to exclude prostatic hyperplasia. Eight patients diagnosed with prostatic hyperplasia were excluded from the study. All patients (49 patients) were subjected to urodynamic studies. Statistical analysis: Data are presented as mean  ± SD. Analysis was performed with SPSS statistical package version 12 (SPSS, USA). For statistical purpose the disease severity stages were divided into mild (stages 1 and 2 HY), moderate (stage 3 HY) and severe (stages 4 and 5 HY). Results: Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients; This study was carried on 49 patients with probable IPD, 31 male patients and 18 female patients, their age ranged from 56-73 years (mean 63.73 ±7.21 years).The duration of illness was 4-11 years (mean 7.81 ±3.27 years).According to Hoehn and Yaher classification of Parkinsons disease disability stage, we had 4,10,29,5,1 patients distributed into stages 1 to 5 respectively. The number of patients in stage 3 was higher than other stages; this may be due to few lower urinary symptoms in early stage of the disease and severe motor and psychiatric symptoms that affect daily life activities in advanced stages. Antiparkinsonian drugs received by the patients were levodopa (41patients), dopamine agonists (39 patients) and anticholinergics (24 patients). Lower urinary tract symptoms; The most frequent symptoms of lower urinary tract dysfunctions were symptoms due to storage disorder which include nocturia (77.5%), urgency (36.7%) and frequency (32.6%) (Table 1). The IPSS index scores; The total IPSS scores and irritative index scores were correlated significantly with disease severity while obstructive index scores did not (Table 2). Also, there was significant correlation between total IPSS score and quality of life score (Table 3). Urodynamic parameters; In this study, we found 33 (67.3%) patients with detrusor hyperreflexia, 6 (12.2%) patients with hyporeflexia, 10 (20.4%) patients with normal detrusor function (Table 4). Volume at initial desire to void and maximum bladder capacity (urodynamic parameters associated with filling phase) were correlated with disease severity while detrusor pressure and post-void residual urine(urodynamic parameters associated with voiding phase) did not (Table 5).There was significant correlation between irritative symptoms score index and volume at initial desire to void and maximum bladder capacity meanwhile the obstructive symptoms score index had no significant relations with any of urodynamic parameters (Table 6). Antiparkinsonian drugs; The patients were divided into 2 groups, one group was taking anticholinergic drugs (24 patients) plus Levodopa or dopamine agonists, the second group was taking Levodopa and dopamine agonists(25 patients). There was no significant difference between the 2 groups as regard the mean of urodynamic parameters (Table 7). Table 1. Frequency of the of lower urinary tract symptoms of IPD patients Symptoms Patients NO % Nocturia 38 77.5 Urgency 18 36.7 Frequency 16 32.6 Incomplete emptying 4 8.1 Intermittency 3 6.1 Weak stream 1 2 Table 2. Total, irritative, and obstructive symptom indexes of IPSS at each stage of disease severity Stages of disease severity No Pts Mean IPSS ±SD Irritative obstructive total Mild(stages 1,2) 14 6.3 ±2.1 1.4 ±1.2 7.6 ±2.4 Moderate(stage 3) 29 7.9 ±3.2 3.3 ±2.6 11.2 ±4.5 Severe(stages 4,5) 6 10.4 ±2.7 6.2 ±3.5 16.6 ±5.1 One-way ANOVA P =0.001 Table 3. Correlation between IPSS and Quality of life scores at different stages of disease severity Stages of disease severity Total I-PSS mean ±SD Quality of life score mean ±SD Mild (stages 1,2) 7.6 ±2.4 2.8 ±1.9 Moderate (stage 3) 11.2 ±4.5 3.7 ±1.4 Severe (stages 4,5) 16.6 ±5.1 5.2 ±1.1 One-way ANOVA P=0.003 Table 4. The frequency of urodynamic findings in IPD patients Stages of HY No. Pts Normal Hyperreflexia Hyporeflexia 1 4 3 1 0 2 10 3 7 0 3 29 4 20 5 4 5 0 4 1 5 1 0 1 0 Total No. (%) 49 10(20.4) 33(67.3) 6(12.2) Table 5. Urodynamic parameters at different stages of severity of IPD Stages of disease severity Volume at initial desire to void (mean ±SD)(ml.) Maximum bladder capacity (mean ±SD)(ml.) Maximum void phase. detrusor pressure (mean ±SD)(cm.water) Post-void residual urine volume. (mean ±SD)(ml.) Mild (14Pts) 115 ± 28 195 ± 60 55 ± 15 13 ± 12 Moderate (29Pts) 95 ± 25 191 ± 59 57 ± 20 20 ± 18 Severe (6Pts) 89 ± 20 184 ± 56 59 ± 25 22 ±20 One-way ANOVA P=0.006 Table 6. Correlation between urodynamic parameters and IPSS scores Urodynamic parameters Irritative score Obstructive score R P r P Initial void desire vol. 0.95 0.001 0.92 0.35 Max Bladder capacity 0.76 0.04 0.68 0.27 Detruser pressure 0.96 0.24 0.89 0.17 Post residual Urine Vol. 0.89 0.43 0.94 0.06 Table 7. Correlation between urodynamic parameters (storage phase parameters) and antiparkisonian drugs Urodynamic parameters Anticholinergic drug group N0=24 Non anticholinergic drug group No=25 P Initial void desire vol. 102 ±27 97 ±25 ≠¥0.05 Max Bladder capacity 192 ±58 188 ±56 ≠¥0.05 Discussion: Urinary dysfunction in IPD is most frequently caused byurinary storage problems, rather than voiding dysfunction, and manifest as an overactive bladder (8). In the current study, the most prevailing urinary symptom in IPD, was nocturia (up to 77.5%), followed by urgency (36.7%) and frequency (32.6%) and these results are going with previous studies (9, 10). These may lead to urinary incontinence, which may be in part functional if immobility or poor manual dexterity complicates the situation. Since many patients with IPD have a disturbed sleep pattern and nocturnal polyuria, the actual prevalence of definite nocturia may be overestimated (12). In this study, the most striking finding of bladder dysfunction in IPD patients is detrusor hyperreflexia, which is reported in 67.3% of symptomatic patients whereas detrusor hyporeflexia is reported in 12.2% of IPD patients and normal bladder function in 20.4%. Another study which evaluated voiding function in IPD found that 67% had detrusor hyperreflexia, 16% had hyporeflexia, 9% had detrusor hypereflexia with impaired contractile function, 3% had hyperreflexia with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia and only 6% had normal detrusor functions (11). Dopaminergic mechanisms are thought to play a central role in normal micturition control and dysfunction of these may lead to detrusor overactivity. Dopaminergic neurons have both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on micturition acting via D1 and D2 receptors respectively. Such neurons are of particular abundance in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain. The most widely accepted theory is that the basal ganglia inhibits the micturition reflex in the ‘normal situation via D1 receptors, and that cell depletion in the SNC in IPD, results in loss of this D1-mediated inhibition and consequently detrusor overactivity (12). However, 12.2% of our patients had hyporeflexia which may be explained possibly by drugs especially anticholinergic and dopammiergic drugs which can inhibit bladder function and impairment of autonomic nervous system in advanced IPD. In this study, both pathological urodynamic parameters, volume at initial desire to void and maximum bladder capacity decreased with disease severity. These findings can be explained by detrusor hyperactivity. In contrast, other studies showed that post-void residual urine volume increased with disease severity (13, 14). This finding was not fully understood, but this was explained on the assumption that with advanced disease process, long standing hyperreflexia may eventually lead to impairment of bladder contractility together with the hypokinesia of pelvic floor muscles resulting in bladder outlet obstruction with consequent increase in post-void residual urine volume (13, 14). Others believe that they may be secondary to anticholinergics, obstructive uropathy, or point to the presence of multiple system atrophy (15). Because many IPD patients are on multiple drug therapy, which can inhibit bladder function, the current study, demonstrated that the mean of urodynamic parameters did not differ in patients who did or did not receive anticholinergics or dopaminergic drugs, which suggests that it is part of the IPD itself. These results are going with that of Araki et al. (11), who found no difference in the mean of urodynamic parameters among patients on different antiparkinsonian drugs (11). On the other hand, many studies showed conflicting results(16-18)that some suggest cortical dysfunction (18) or a possible implication of nondopaminergic lesions in the occurrence of bladder dysfunction in IPD (16). Lower urinary tract symptoms quantified by IPSS showed that irritative symptoms index score correlated with disease severity and with detrusor overactivity that was manifested urodynamically by decrease in volume at initial desire to void and maximum bladder capacity(storage phase) whereas the obstructive symptoms index score did not correlate with disease severity nor urodynamic parameters. In contrast, some other studies show that, irritative symptoms index score correlated with detrusor overactivity and obstructive symptoms index score correlated with voiding underactivity. Additionally, both irritative and obstructive symptom index scores increased with disease severity (13, 21).This discrepancy between the present study and other studies may be explained by fewer numbers of patients in advanced disease stage and the patients evaluated under multiple drugs therapy in advanced disease. In conclusion, most of the patients with IPD suffer from urological disorder; most commonly is detrusor hyperactivity which results in irritative urinary symptoms that correlate well with disease severity. These disabling symptoms significantly affect quality of life of IPD patients. References: 1-Clarke C. Parkinsons disease in practice. 2nd ed. London: Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd; 2006 2-Chaudhuri KR, Healy D, Schapira AHV. The non motor symptoms of Parkinsons disease. Diagnosis and management. Lancet Neurol 2006; 5: 235-45. 3-Mitra T, Naidu Y, Martinez-Martin P, et al. The non declaration of non motor symptoms of Parkinsons disease to healthcare professionals. An international survey using the NMSQuest. 6th International Congress on Mental Dysfunctions and other Non-motor Features in Parkinsons disease and Related Disorders. Dresden October, 2008. Park Related DisordersP0II: 161. 4-Andersen J. Disturbances of bladder and urethral function in Parkinsons disease. International Urol and Nephrol 1985;17:35-41. 5.Blackett H, Walker R, Wood B. Urinary dysfunction in Parkinsons disease: a review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009 Feb;15(2):81-7. 6- Hobson P, Islam W, Roberts S, Adhiyman V, Meara J. The risk of bladder and autonomic dysfunction in a community cohort of Parkinsons disease patients and normal controls. Parkinsonism Related Disorders 2003; 10:67-71. 7-Gelb DJ, Oliver E, Gilman S. Diagnostic criteria for Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 1999;56:33-39. 8-Eckhardt MD, van Venrooij GE, Boon TA; Symptoms and quality of life versus age, prostate volume, and urodynamic parameters in 565 strictly selected men with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 2001 Apr; 57(4):695-700. 9-Hoehn MM, Yahr MD. Parkinsonism: onset, progression and mortality. Neurology 1967; 17: 427. 10-Defreitas GA, Lemack GE, Zimmern PE, Dewey RB, Roehrborn CG, OSuilleabhain PE. Distinguishing neurogenic from non-neurogenic detrusor overactivity: A urodynamic assessment of lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with and without Parkinsons disease. Urology2003 Oct;62(4):651-5. 11-Araki I, Kuno S. Assessment of voiding dysfunction in Parkinsons disease by the international prostate symptom score. J Neurol Neurosurg and Psych 2000;68:429-433. 12- Porter B, Walker R. The night time problems facing Parkinsons patients. CME J Geriat Med 2007;8:99-103. 13- Araki I, Kitahara M, Oida T, Kuno S. Voiding dysfunction and Parkinsons disease: urodynamic abnormalities and urinary symptoms. J Urol2000 Nov;164(5):1640-3. 14-Seki S, Igawa Y, Kaidoh K, Ishizuka O, Nishizawa O, Andersson KE. Role of dopamine D1 and D1 receptors in the micturition reflex in conscious rats. Neurourol Urody2001; 20:105-13. 15-Yoshimura N, Mizuta E, Yoshida O, Kuno S. Therapeutic effects of dopamine D1/D2 receptor agonists on detrusor hyperreflexia in MPTP lesioned parkinsonian cynomoglogous monkeys. J Pharmacol Exper Therap 1998;286(1):228-233. 16-Pavlakis AJ, Siroky MB, Goldstein I and Krane RJ. Neurourologic findings in Parkinsons disease. J Urol 1983; 129:80-83. 17-Stocchi F, Carbone A, Inghilleri, et al. Urodynamic and neurophysiological evaluation in Parkinsons disease and multiple systems atrophy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 1997;62:507-11. 18-Wing K, Werdelin L, Nielson K, Stimpel H. Effects of dopaminergic treatment on bladder function in Parkinsons disease. Neurourol Urodyn 2004;23:689-96. 19-Aranda B, Cramer P. Effects of apomorphine and L-dopa on the Parkinsonian bladder. Neurourol Urodyn 1993;12:203-209. 20-Christmas TJ, Chapple CR, Lees AJ, Kempster PA, Frankel JP, Stern GM. Role of subcutaneous apomorphine in parkinsonian voiding dysfunction. Lancet1988 Dec 24-31;2(8626-8627):1451-1453. 21- Dubow JS. Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinsons disease. Dis Mon 2007;53:265-274.

So Called Capitalism :: Freedom Governmental Essays

So Called Capitalism Freedom and the right to choose is the essence of capitalism. Capitalism instills the freedom of making a person’s well being and lifestyle as they wish it to be through the facility of choice. Though both industries are deemed capitalist because America is the â€Å"great capitalist nation†, they really run on feudalistic systems; Matewan in more respects than the textile industry Norma Rae works for. The only capitalistic element is that the workers got to choose their employers, but how much choice did they really have? If they chose to work for an industry, each industry would be a feudalistic enterprise no matter where they turned. There was no reason why they shouldn’t be so exploitive because for years the voice of the people went unheard until it was virtually muted. Some were too afraid to have a voice, some had a voice and were punished or manipulated, and most just felt it was hopeless. Industries, with their huge bank vaults, were too powerful for the workers to overpower alone. They had all the money on their side and therefore all the power. The way the industrial system was formatted was in effect the same as a feudalistic system. The owner was synonymous to the lord of the manner, the owners’ right-hand men acted as the knights, and the workers of course played the parts of the overworked serfs. As serfs, as workers in Matewan and the textile industry, the choice of living in a socially acceptable way was just not within grasp. Lives in both instances were regulated by the industry or the feudal lord. Freedom was nonexistent and therefore so was capitalism. The industry became engrained in the workers’ lives; they lived and breathed in the manner the industry saw fit. Not only did the industry own the actual factory or mine, it owned the town, it owned the education, it owned the people. It gave the people a way to survive and a well being good enough so that they could keep working. Capitalism revolves around the idea of a labor market; the workers are able to choose their employer and sell their units of lifetime, but in the instances of the coal mine and the textile factory, the people were virtually forced into selling their entire life.

Aggression and aggressive behaviour

Aggression can be found across civilizations and gender. Aggressive behavior is either to injure another, to derive something for the attacker, or to ensue in both hurt and immaterial additions ( Zirpoli, 2008 ) . It is normally assumed that work forces are more aggressive than female. As it can observed in our day-to-day life, the inclination for work forces ‘s engagement in competitory athleticss such as utmost games, the military, and the unsafe work is far higher than adult females. We know that aggression is an emotional energy. Both male and female need a certain degree of aggression in their working or analyzing life to accomplish their ends. When adult females and work forces work together in a squad, work forces frequently are more aggressive and dominate mixed-gender squads. For illustration, a company manager place is normally denominated by work forces. It should observe that there are besides adult females taking a company but the proportion is non that high comparison to work forces. On the other manus, adult females are less prone to self-assertion and more prone to compromise. They are more likely to work towards keeping relationships among team members every bit good as advocator for group harmoniousness. This may propose that male has a high emotional intelligence to move sharply in prosecuting their ends. Harmonizing to our study, findings show that male is more aggressive. For illustration, for the inquiry of â€Å" Male or female are more aggressive? â€Å" , one of the replies suggests that male is more aggressive for the ground that they have their natural inherent aptitude in them called self-importance which sometimes causes them to be more competitory. However, we besides found the contradiction during the interview subdivision with Ms. Alice. Harmonizing to her, adult females can be aggressive and it may be chiefly based on their civilization, household background. If a adult female were populating under tough environment, they can be aggressive than a adult male who is populating in comfort zone. She will endeavor really hard in their work to purse for a better life in their hereafter. Zirpoli, T.J. ( 2008 ) . Modeled aggressive behaviour. Education.com. An Education & A ; Child Development Site for Parents. Parenting & A ; Educational Resource. Retrieved February 21, 2011, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.education.com/reference/article/aggressive-behavior/ Life anticipation â€Å" Life anticipation is an mean figure of old ages that a individual can anticipate to populate in â€Å" full wellness † by taking into history old ages lived in less than full wellness due to disease and/or hurt † ( â€Å" Healthy life, † n.d. ) . Life anticipation can fall due to many factors such as disease, accident, war, dearth and so on. On the contrary, betterment in lifestyle, wellness and public assistance can increase life anticipation. Historical information shows that females have lived longer than males in virtually every state in the universe. Harmonizing to Rosenberg ( 2010 ) , presently the universe broad life anticipation for female life is 66 old ages but for male is 62.7 old ages, a difference of more than 3 old ages. Life anticipation can be affected by emphasis through unhealthy effects of emphasis on human organic structure over the long-run. A research done by Katyal and Awasthi ( 2005 ) found that females tend to hold higher emotional intelligence than males. The possible grounds might be due to the fact that females be given to be more emotional and confidant in relationship as compared to males, so their emotional intelligence ought to be higher than that of females. This suggests that female is more intelligence in stress direction. For illustration, females are likely to shout out and talk out whenever they encounter trouble as a manner to live over their emphasis. Males, on the other manus, are more likely to maintain it soundless under nerve-racking status which severely affects long-run wellness. Furthermore, life styles can convey a profound consequence on life anticipation every bit good. Our determination shows that bulk of the respondents pointed out that females tend to hold a better life style comparison to males. It can be seen that the degree of intelligence in pull offing lifestyle varies among gender. Females are more intelligence in commanding their behavior to avoid holding unhealthy eating manner comparison to male. Besides, male and female have different emphasis let go ofing techniques in their unrecorded. Males tend to let go of emphasis through fume or intoxicant while females are tend to make shopping or yoga as a manner to let go of emphasis. As a consequence, we can reason that females are more intelligence in pull offing a better life style comparison to work forces and it is one of the of import grounds result in longer life span. Healthy life anticipation ( HALE ) at birth ( old ages ) . ( n.d. ) . World Health Organization. Retrieved February 18, 2011, from www.who.int/whosis/indicators/2007HALE0/en/ Rosenberg, M. ( 2010, June 14 ) . Life Expectancy – Overview of Life Expectancy. Geography Home Page – Geography at About.com. Retrieved February 21, 2011, from hypertext transfer protocol: //geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/lifeexpectancy.htm Katyal, S. and Awasthi, E. ( 2005 ) . Gender differences in emotional intelligence among striplings of Chandigarh. Department of Child Development, Govt. Home Science College, India. Retrieved February 21, 2011, from hypertext transfer protocol: // hypertext transfer protocol: //www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-17-0-000-000-2005-Web/JHE-17-2-085-160-2005-Abst-PDF/JHE-17-2-153-155-2005-1208-Katyal-S/JHE-17-2-153-155-2005-1208-Katyal-S.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-17-0-000-000-2005-Web/JHE-17-2-085-160-2005-Abst-PDF/JHE-17-2-153-155-2005-1208-Katyal-S/JHE-17-2-153-155-2005-1208-Katyal-S.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com/science? _ob=ArticleURL & A ; _udi=B7MDM-4KFM64T-4 & A ; _user=10 & A ; _coverDate=06 % 2F30 % 2F2006 & A ; _rdoc=1 & A ; _fmt=high & A ; _orig=search & A ; _origin=search & A ; _sort=d & A ; _docanchor= & A ; view=c & A ; _searchStrId=1649821836 & A ; _rerunOrigin=google & A ; _acct=C000050221 & A ; _version=1 & A ; _urlVersion=0 & A ; _userid=10 & A ; md5=e2370864200f8f04fc8c3b56c4b95191 & A ; searchtype=a hypertext transfer protocol: //www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1998/10.01/WhyWomenLiveLon.html hypertext transfer protocol: //geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/lifeexpectancy.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3979/is_200004/ai_n8881189/pg_2/ ? tag=content ; col1 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.oppapers.com/essays/Why-Males-More-Aggressive-Than-Females/83875 hypertext transfer protocol: //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3538/is_n4_v46/ai_n28676715/ ? tag=content ; col1 If adult females act chiefly in such conventional footing and keep backing input to continue relationships, the squad may non be able to accomplish the coveted consequences. Aggression is applied to all worlds without dividing male from female. The aim for this inquiry is to happen out whether male or female is more intelligence in endeavoring for accomplishment. In general, gender differences in behavior have been argued with the premise that males are more aggressive than females. â€Å" Aggression is the biological footing of all energy generated to prosecute any end †

Visual Impairment Essays - RTT, Vision, Ophthalmology, Visual System

Visual Impairment Essays - RTT, Vision, Ophthalmology, Visual System Visual Impairment Vision Impairments People catergorized as visually impaired range from individuals with mild visual losses to those with low vision to those who are totally blind (Winzer,370). Vision impairments does not necessarily mean a total loss of sight. Some visually impaired person can detect light, others can see shapes and forms, and others can see nothing at all. Generally, many different problems that interfere the retina to form image or the transmission of retinal images to the brain can cause blindness or vision impairment. It can be heredity or caused by disease or damage after birth. In some cases a specific reason cannot be determined. There are four major types of vision impairments. The first type are refractive errors. It is cause by the change of shape or size of the eyeball, conera or the lens. Myopia (short-sighted) and hyperopia (long-sighted) are two common examples. People with myopia or hyperopia cannot focus image accurately on the retina. Another example is astigmatism, it is caused by the abnormal curve shape of the cornera or the lens. And it can cause distorted or blurred vision. The second type are ocular motor problems. It is caused by irregular movement of the ocular muscles that control the movement of the eyeballs. It leads to the inability for the eyes to control focusing objects. Strasbismus is an example. This condition effects about 2 percent (2 out of 100) of all young children. Strabismus is a lack of coordinated muscle movement or focusing ability between the eyes, causing the eyes to point in different directions. One or both eyes may turn inward (crossed eyes) or outward (walleye). The eyes, the brain area that controls vision, and the muscles attached to the eyeball are involved. It result in the child that looks in certain directions, double vision (sometimes), vision in one eye only, with loss of depth perception. Strabismus can affect both sexes, all ages, but it usually begins during early childhood, frequently before age 5. If not corrected through therapy or surgery, crossed eyes can result in permanent loss of vision. The third type are eye diseases, it is caused by damage or disease before or after birth to one or more structure of the eye (Winzer, 374). One off the most common causes of blindness is cataracts. Cataracts are a clouding of the lens of the eye that keeps light from reaching retina. Resulting in badly blurred vision, double vision, sensitivity to bright lights and change in color vision. One eye is often more seriously affected than the other. It may be cause by chemical change in the lens. The exact cause is still unknown, but there are many factors that can accelerate cataract formation.These include an injury, either from a blow to the head or direct eye injury, other diseases exposure to radiation of any kind (x-rays, microwaves, or infrared rays) long-term use of a corticosteroid drug. A child may be born with cataracts or develop them at an early age. These cataracts, called congenital cataracts, may be caused by a genetic disorder such as down syndrome or from a condition the mother had during pregnancy such as German measles. The fourth type are other defects such as color blindness, photophobia or albinism. Color blindness is a inherited vision disorder which is often found in male rather than in female. Persons who have color blindness do not have one of the three cone cells which are responsible for receiving either blue, green and red. Therefore, people with color blindness are likely to confuse with red and green. But the condition is not serious enough to connect with visual impairments. Albinism is a hereditary disease. It must be pass thorugh from both parents, each of whom either has albinism or is a carrier of that trait. Albinism affects the production of melanin(Winzer,379). A lack of melanin in the retina, iris and choroid will cause the pupil to become in deep red color, the iris will become in grey, light blue or pink. A person with albinism will also suffer from photophobia, which is the extreme sensitivity to light. Bright light may decreases the person's visual acuity and may blinds the persons with albinism.

Homeschool Planning and Organizational Tips

Homeschool Planning and Organizational Tips With the fresh start of a new year, January is a prime time for focusing on planning and organizing. This is true for homeschooling families, as well. This round-up of planning and organizing articles will help you prune time-wasters and become a master planner in your homeschool. How to Write a Homeschooling Philosophy Statement Learning how to write a homeschooling philosophy statement is an often over-looked, but logical first step in homeschooling planning and organization. If you have a clear picture of why you’re homeschooling and what you hope to accomplish, it’s much easier to figure out how to get there. A philosophy statement can also be helpful for parents of teens in explaining to colleges what your student has learned in your homeschool. This article offers a peek into the authors personal homeschool philosophy statement to give you a model for your own. How to Write Homeschool Lesson Plans If you still dont quite have a handle on the hows and whys of homeschool lesson planning, dont miss this article. It outlines several scheduling options and basic methods of lesson planning. It also features practical tips for writing realistic lesson plans that will allow plenty of room for flexibility. Homeschool Daily Schedules Get yourself and your kids organized in the new year by refining your homeschool daily schedule. Whether you prefer detailed plans or simply a predictable daily routine, these scheduling tips take into account your familys schedule and your kids peak productivity times. Homeschool schedules are as varied as the families they represent, so there is no right or wrong schedule. However, these tips can help you to work out the most effective schedule for your unique family. Teach Kids Organization With a Homeschool Schedule Daily schedules arent just for homeschooling parents. They are an excellent resource for teaching kids organizational and time management skills that they can use throughout their lives. The freedom and flexibility of homeschooling allows kids the opportunity to practice structuring their day and managing their time while under the guidance of their parents. Learn how to create a homeschool schedule for your students and the benefits of doing so. 4 Steps to Writing Your Own Unit Studies You may want to work on planning your own unit studies in the upcoming year. Doing so is not as intimidating as it may sound and can actually be quite enjoyable. This article outlines four practical steps for writing your own topical studies based on your kids’ interests. It includes scheduling tips to help you get the most out of each unit without overwhelming yourself or your kids. Spring Cleaning Tips for Homeschool Parents These 5 spring cleaning tips are also perfect for a mid-year organizational purge. Discover practical tips for dealing with all the papers, projects, books, and supplies that homeschooling families tend to accumulate over the year. A January purge may be just what you need to start the second semester clutter-free and focused. 10 Homeschool Support Group Topic Ideas If you’re a leader in your local homeschool group, chances are your New Year planning will include outings and events for your homeschool group. This article offers 10 support group topic ideas, including several that will be applicable in the first few months of the new year, including: Identifying and coping with learning strugglesOvercoming  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ or avoiding  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ homeschool burnoutCombating spring feverHow to wrap up your homeschool year Homeschool Field Trips Whether you’re planning field trips for your homeschool group or just for your family, this planning article is a must-read. It outlines practical tip for stress-free planning and offers field trip destination suggestions that will appeal to a wide variety of student ages and interests. If you’re like the majority of the population, this is the time of year that you’re focused on planning and organizing for the fresh start of a new year. Don’t overlook the opportunity to do so for the fresh start of your next homeschool semester!

Biblical Criticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Biblical Criticism - Essay Example Biblical criticism is the general term referring to the scholarly investigation and study of biblical scriptures seeking to base grounds for discerning judgment concerning the writings. The discipline studies compositional, historical, and textual questions concerning the Old and New Testaments. In the preceding century, biblical criticism was divided into higher and lower criticism. Higher criticism concerns the study of the history and composition of biblical passages, while lower criticism concerns with closer examination of biblical texts to determine their correct or original meaning (Frigge 15). This paper seeks to discuss the forms of criticism in five ways: source, form, narrative (textual), historical and redaction. Initially, the scholars of the bible tried to harmonize the scriptures and gospels, an argument evident from the harmonization of the two narratives. Instead of harmonizing the gospels, Griesbach established parallel synoptic. The result was an ensuing question r egarding the accountability of the difference and similarities of the two gospels. This led to source criticism, with scholars trying to pin down the relationship between the sources and the synoptic gospels. Griesbach put forth an argument that Matthew was written before Mark citing the Jewish contents as the basis of the argument, but many scholars opposed the argument arguing that the book of Mark abbreviates Matthew (Frigge 68). The theory of Griesbach follows that of St Augustine, a Matthean priority proponent. On the other hand, modern scholars uphold the Markan priority and the source or framework being Mark. According to Taylor, Mark is more probable to be the source, as Luke is a quarry of stone for expanding an already existing establishment. Nevertheless, the proposal did not accurately account for the similarities between Luke and Matthew, which eventfully do not appear in Mark. H. J. Holtzmann put another source criticism theory forth in 1863. The two-source theory, Mar k Source ‘Q’ Luke Matthew, suggested that Matthew and Luke used marks to denote sources, and another common source ‘Q’. B. H. Streeter based his four-source theory on Holtzmann’s theory, with the additional argument that Matthew and Luke had some original contents in them. The four source include Mark, source ‘Q’, special M (unique material by Matthew), and special L (material unique to Luke). These theories however do not solve the mystery in its entirety. Occasionally, Matthew and Luke tend to agree with each other but against Mark. The explanations to these may be theological, traditional, or probably a different interpretation of ‘Q’ differently by Mark. Another possible argument is that one (most likely Luke) was more dependent, unlike Mark. There are also scholarly questions regarding the omission of some parts of Mark in Matthew and Luke, like the account of Jesus walking on water. Some scholars in theology, like Russ ell, believe that the omissions are not surprising. According to them, there is a possibility that each evangelist did some omission to best suit their Christological and theological needs and perspectives (Frigge 93). Another major setback in source criticism is the lack of evidence for source ‘Q’. A majority of theology specialists agree that Luke was using Matthew, as there is more Luke in Matthew than the other way round. Nonetheless, there is still the question concerning the reasons why Luke left the additions made by Matthew to Mark. At this point, the only possible conclusion is that there were different interpretations of the same source. However, existence and contents of Paul’

Yz Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Yz - Coursework Example Marla believes that her classmate Bernadette is lazy and does not believe that this personality is changeable and therefore judges her. Additionally she has limited information and ignores the fact that there could be other circumstances and hence she is more likely than Jane to develop prejudices. Jane at least tries to relate Bernadette’s academics to the trauma brought about by her divorcing parents. The book gives an example of Joey, an older child, who keeps a stray kitten despite having been cautioned by her mother not to. She does this because her enhanced perspective taking and emotional understanding. She believes that the kitten might end up dying if she does not keep it and hence empathizes. By being able to take more information, children’s moral understanding is developed. For instance, a child may pretend to be sick only to avoid participating in a singing competition because he or she is a bad singer. However, this is done with the best of intentions because he/she does not want to be the one to hinder the team’s chances of winning the competition. I attended an integrated elementary school, and it is from the school that I noted how vital integration is in reducing ethnic and racial prejudice. Despite having had the notion that white children were superior to children from other races, no racial prejudices emerged from the children in the school. This is because teachers treated all equally and did not behave in a way that endorsed group status

Understanding Research in Social Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Understanding Research in Social Work - Essay Example 3) Quality of the article: The article met the conditions of a good research article since it had an abstract or the summary of the methods and findings, background to the study in terms of aims/objectives and justification or rationale for the study. Additionally, he article included a literature review stating what is already known about the topic and gaps in knowledge. 5) Conclusion: Manthorpe, Goodman, Harari, Swift, and Iliffe article was extensive and addressed the objectives of the study. The data reflected the situation for the target population since it entailed interviewing individual as well as groups. The sample was large and thus meaningful inferences on the target population were obtained. Manthorpe, Goodman, Harari, Swift, and Iliffe’s article Smarter Working in Social and Health  Care: Professional Perspectives on a New  Technology for Risk Appraisal  with Older People  focuses on a report by Smarter Working in Social care and Health (SWISH). The report was a feedback on how an information technology system for assessment of old people in the society can be improved. The report suggested that it would be more appropriate to use feedback information obtained from the old people themselves to develop health and social programs for them. The research involved two qualitative studies done in different regions within London that aimed at developing a method that would enable assessment of the information regarding old people to determine those who were at risk. Additionally, the study intended to investigate the applicability of such a method in enriching public sector information and empower the local communities report cases of old people at risk. This p aper is a qualitative analysis of Smarter Working in Social and Health Care: Professional Perspectives on a New  Technology for Risk Appraisal  with Older People. The paper will critically discuss

Li and Fung Limited Essay Example for Free

Li and Fung Limited Essay Ans#1- Li Fung Limited is a global trading group. A company would like to use the supply chain management services of Li Fung because it manages the supply chain for high volume, time sensitive consumer goods, delivering the right location. It focuses on providing a one- stop shop service through a network of 69 sourcing offices in 40 countries. Company would prefer Li Fung rather than organising in-house department or appointing a senior manager to handle these activities because it provides services range from product design , development, through raw material and factory sourcing, production planning and management, quality assurance and on to export documentation and shipping consolidation. Moreover company use Li Fung because it could be an effort to also reduce costs. Ans#2- Li Fung expand its global sourcing network through acquisitions since it has found developing networks from the ground up tends to take a long time and to be relatively expensive. Li Fung acquired companies like Inchcape Buying Services in 1995, Swire Maclaine Ltd , Camberley Enterprises Ltd and Colby Group Holdings Ltd. These all are well established companies. Li Fung company is in favour of acquisitions because it doubled the size of company and expanded the companys customer base in Europe and strengthen its position in the U.S. These acquisitions increased the size of Li Fungs sourcing network from 48 offices in 32 countries in 1999 to 68 offices in 40 countries in 2001. Ans#3- Internet opens the door to new levels of connectedness to customers. Successful firms on the Web have used cyberspace to achieve their objectives. Li Fung use the Internet to capture additional business like small to medium- size -businesses that is characterized by small order size and shorter delivery requirements. But they cannot afford large sum of money in inventory. Internet provides solution to these kind of problems. It could allow Li Fung to consolidate small orders for mass production by existing supplier network. Li Fung allow these smaller businesses to have their own private label. The choices available online would allow a product to have the small businesss own distinctive label attached with choices available online and would choices of embroidery colors and packaging. Li Fung should use search engine optimization for increase the awareness of its website. In order to make the additional businesses profitable Li Fung could use their website www.studiodirect.com in many ways. The studio direct will combine its expertise in sourcing and merchandising of apparel with supply chain efficiency. It will derive from its web- based trading. Studio Direct has outsourced every aspect of delivery from pick and pack, shipping and customer clearance.

Free College Essays - Self-Destruction in Shes Come Undone by Wally Lamb :: Shes Come Undone

She's Come Undone - Self-Destruction In She's Come Undone Wally Lamb addresses the effects of personal trauma on one's self-image and the propensity of survivors to move towards self-destruction. Dolores believes that she is the cause of all of her tragedies, including her rape and her mother's death, and that the one true evil in her life is herself. She convinces herself that she deserves whatever pain she may receive along the course of life. With each new hardship, her guilt is increased. Her destruction begins with overeating and culminates in attempted suicide. When Dolores is in eighth grade she is raped by Jack, one of her grandmother's tenants. She had always had a crush on Jack and allowed him to give her rides to and from school. She decides that he must have been encouraged by her actions and that therefore the rape is her fault. Shortly after Dolores is raped, Jack's wife, Rita, has a miscarriage. Although Rita has had many miscarriages before, Dolores is sure that this one is a result of "the filthy thing that {she and Jack} had done" (Lamb 111). From then on, Dolores considers herself to be a "baby-killer" (112). During her high school years, Dolores' only companions are her television and her junk food. She isolates herself from her peers. She eats constantly and becomes extremely overweight. She also takes up smoking. Although her doctor warns her that her lifestyle is putting her health in serious danger, she continues to binge and smoke. She does not feel that her life is worth worrying about (126). Shortly after Dolores' high school graduation, Dolores' mother is killed when she is hit by a semi truck. Dolores blames herself and reasons that her mother's death must be Dolores' punishment for being a horrible daughter. She recalls what her mother said on the night of her death: "You've made me so ... tired" (135). She remembers how awful she was to her mother during the months before her death (138). She feels that she should have died instead of her mother. She bargains with God to bring her mother back and take her instead (138). Dolores' self-destruction culminates in attempted suicide. She hires a taxi to take her to Cape Cod, where she plans to commit suicide amongst the beached whales.

Hiding Places :: essays research papers

We go to places of comfort to get away from the burden of harsh realities. People use hiding places of physical means like a closet or library, to maybe think of things they care for and things that make them happy and . Whether it be your bedroom, your closet, you know you can always count on the satisfaction of you hidden place to be there for you and blanket you. No matter what, your hiding place is always going to be easily accessible and very accommodating . People enjoy this because it is a place they can go to for a guaranteed refreshing experience. Someone might resort to their room with the door shut and locked after a break up with a partner and write about the past experiences that they have endured together. The hiding place gives off an aura of familiarity and comfort. Something we can all use in a desperate time. Essentially, a hiding place has to provide a familiar physical stimuli. Hiding places often reside in the pages of literature. Within literature lies the tales of people lives, experiences, and knowledge. People love to play the part in Shakespeare, or be one of the knights from King Arthur’s Round table. It sets them closer to freedom. In books, inhibitions are set free, and people can ultimately be what they want. This is important when someone is feeling insignificant. Everyone needs to feel wanted, loved, and noticed, and if someone can not obtain these needs from someone, they will resort to someWHERE they can. Potential problems for hiding places is the disregard for the realities of the modern world. Someone who spends all there time in books is living there life falsely and will face tasks that they will not be able to conquer due to insecurities. Examples of the insecurities they endure are lack of confidence and lack of trust in others.

Pramoedya Anata Toer Essay

Inem, is a short story written by Pramoedya Anata Toer. He was a Indonesian short story writter and a novel writer, born in a village called Blora. Blora was the village in short story where (Gus Muk), his mom, and Inems family lived in. The author refers to his culture and events about his life in the story. His father in real life is a activist who ruined his family by obsessive gambling. Pramoedya writes alot of Indonesian literature. The aspects of culture in â€Å"Inem,† is the tradition of child marriages. In some parts of the world child marriages was a tradition. Girls at a young age were supposed to marry an older boy. The story also shows the reader some of the cultural aspects such as popular entertainment and dances in her area. The characters in the story are, Gus Muk (age6) a boy, also the narrator who basically trails Inems life. Inems father who is a criminal and gambles alot, her mother who lives off batik work and helps the family, and Markaban (age17) who is Inem’s husband. Lastly theres Inem (age 8) a so called beatiful girl in the neighbor hood who had great manners. Inem is in search of happiness with her new life and husband but ends up being a beaten divorcee. Overview/summary It’s a story told in second person perspective about a beautiful young girl (Inem) who is a servant to a boy (Gus Muk) and his mother. In the story Inem is so beautiful and respectful and able to do many things but is only eight years old and Gus Muk is six. Eventually her mother found a man named, Markaban who is seventeen years old. Her mom did not want to let this marriage go so she wants Inem to get married so she can help her familly at home. Inems family and the husband family both accept the marriage. Inem’s father was a criminal who robbed people in the forest, but was never arrested. Inems mother had a talk with Gus Muk’s mother to try and get her to come home. The boys mother disapproves of the marriage and does not want Inem to go on with this. Gus Muk’s mom said † It’s not right to make children mary repeatedly.† Inems mother said that it would be a shame for her not to be married at such a old age. Inem was later taken home to prepare for her wedding day. Gus Muk’s mom did not want him playing with Inem but that did not stop him from going over to play. The day before the wedding Gus Muk sent her family five kilos of rice and twenty-five cents as a gift. The day of her wedding came, and everything was going well, the house was decorated, the tajuban dancing girls was the entertainment, and finally Inem and her husband get married. Inem was officially married and worked with her mom making batik. Every night Gus Muk and his mother listen to screaming and crying when Inems husband wrestles with her. She comes crying to Gus Muks mom and tells her that Markaban beats her and she tells her to go back home and serve Markaban faithfully. Inem comes back again but finally divorced with her husband, and asks if Gus Muks mother can taker her back, but Gus Muks mom denies her request and sends her back home. Inem gets beaten by anyone who wanted to, her family and neighbors could because she was a burden to the family. Although she cries and screams she never came back to Gus Muk’s house.